Abstract
The emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs has made the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) very challenging. Among natural substances, biosurfactants (BS) produced by Lactobacillus have gained increasing interest in counteracting Candida infections for their proven anti-adhesive properties and safety profile. In the present study, liposomes (LP-BS) or liposomes coated with hyaluronic acid (HY-LP-BS) were prepared in the presence of the BS isolated from the vaginal strain Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 and characterized in terms of size, ζ potential, stability and mucoadhesion. The anti-biofilm activity of free BS, LP-BS and HY-LP-BS was investigated against different Candida albicans and non-albicans strains (C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis), clinically isolated from patients affected by VVC. The inhibition of biofilm formation and the dispersal of pre-formed biofilm were evaluated. The obtained phospholipid vesicles showed suitable size for vaginal application and good stability over the storage period. HY-LP-BS exhibited good mucoadhesive properties and the best anti-biofilm profile, both in preventing or limiting the surface colonization by a broad spectrum of Candida species. In conclusion, the formulation of a novel antifungal agent derived from the vaginal microbiota into mucoadhesive nanocarriers appears to be a promising biotherapeutic strategy to counteract vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Highlights
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a multifactorial infectious disease of the lower female reproductive tract and it represents one of the most common vaginal infections worldwide
Liposomes (LP-BS) or liposomes coated with hyaluronic acid (HY-LP-BS) were prepared in the presence of the BS isolated from the vaginal strain Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 and characterized in terms of size, ζ potential, stability and mucoadhesion
The anti-biofilm activity of free BS, LP-BS and HY-LP-BS was investigated against different Candida albicans and non-albicans strains (C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis), clinically isolated from patients affected by VVC
Summary
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a multifactorial infectious disease of the lower female reproductive tract and it represents one of the most common vaginal infections worldwide. Biosurfactants (BS), surface active agents produced by living microorganisms as secondary metabolites [5], have been proven to exert anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity against different human pathogens and can represent potential candidates for the treatment of local infections [6]. A BS isolated from vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 was found to interfere with the adhesion of various Candida isolates to human cervical epithelial cells; BS intravaginal inoculation in a murine experimental model was shown to be safe and effective in reducing leukocyte influx in the case of C. albicans infection [9]. The employment of metabolites or derivatives from this species as therapeutic agents represents an interesting and stimulating challenge in the field of women’s health maintenance
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