Abstract
Scope: Salmonellosis is a prevalent food-borne illness that causes diarrhea in over 130 million humans yearly and can lead to death. There is an urgent need to find alternatives to antibiotics as many salmonellae are now multidrug resistant. As such, specific beneficial bacteria and dietary fibers can be an alternative as they may prevent Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) infection and spreading by strengthening intestinal barrier function.Methods and Results: We tested whether immune active long-chain inulin-type fructans and/or L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, and L. casei W56 can strengthen barrier integrity of intestinal Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of a STM. Effects of the ingredients on intestinal barrier function were first evaluated by quantifying trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) and regulation of gene expression by microarray. Only L. acidophilus had effects on TEER and modulated a group of 26 genes related to tight-junctions. Inulin-type fructans, L. brevis W63 and L. casei W56 regulated other genes, unrelated to tight-junctions. L. acidophilus also had unique effects on a group of six genes regulating epithelial phenotype toward follicle-associated epithelium. L. acidophilus W37 was therefore selected for a challenge with STM and prevented STM-induced barrier disruption and decreased secretion of IL-8.Conclusion: L. acidophilus W37 increases TEER and can protect against STM induced disruption of gut epithelial cells integrity in vitro. Our results suggest that selection of specific bacterial strains for enforcing barrier function may be a promising strategy to reduce or prevent STM infections.
Highlights
Entero-pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) actively disrupt gastrointestinal barrier function
The aim of this study was to determine whether a dietary fiber and different strains of lactobacilli, i.e., Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (LaW37), Lactobacillus casei W56 (LcW56) and Lactobacillus brevis W63 (LbW63), influence intestinal mucosal homeostasis by modulating enterocytes and epithelial cytokine responses
Effects of long-chain inulin-type fructans (lcITF) and lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function was tested on monolayers of Caco-2 cells, first without a challenge, and later combined with a barrier disrupting pathogen, STM DT12
Summary
Entero-pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) actively disrupt gastrointestinal barrier function. It produces virulence factors that manipulate the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial host cells, leading to impairment of the barrier function and promoting bacterial internalization (Zhou et al, 1999; Boyle et al, 2006; Konig et al, 2016) This leads to translocation of the pathogen into the lamina propria facilitating further infection of the host and inducing salmonellosis. This is a major health care concern as salmonellosis is a prevalent foodborne illness that causes diarrheal diseases in over 130 million humans yearly and is still increasing in Europe (European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2017). Limiting barrier disruption during or before STM infection to avoid invasion may be such an effective alternative therapy for antibiotics but requires careful selection of food ingredients with gut barrier protective effects
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