Abstract
Fat reduction and anti-inflammation are commonly claimed properties of probiotics. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium were tested in high fat-induced obesity mice and in vitro experiments. After 16 weeks of probiotics, L. plantarum dfa1 outperforms E. faecium dfa1 on the anti-obesity property as indicated by body weight, regional fat accumulation, serum cholesterol, inflammatory cytokines (in blood and colon tissue), and gut barrier defect (FITC-dextran assay). With fecal microbiome analysis, L. plantarum dfa1 but not E. faecium dfa1 reduced fecal abundance of pathogenic Proteobacteria without an alteration in total Gram-negative bacteria when compared with non-probiotics obese mice. With palmitic acid induction, the condition media from both probiotics similarly attenuated supernatant IL-8, improved enterocyte integrity and down-regulated cholesterol absorption-associated genes in Caco-2 cell (an enterocyte cell line) and reduced supernatant cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) with normalization of cell energy status (extracellular flux analysis) in bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Due to the anti-inflammatory effect of the condition media of both probiotics on palmitic acid-activated enterocytes was neutralized by amylase, the active anti-inflammatory molecules might, partly, be exopolysaccharides. As L. plantarum dfa1 out-performed E. faecium dfa1 in anti-obesity property, possibly through the reduced fecal Proteobacteria, with a similar anti-inflammatory exopolysaccharide; L. plantarum is a potentially better option for anti-obesity than E. faecium.
Highlights
Obesity, a major health problem around the world, is linked to diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, all of which can cause serious consequences in critically ill patients [1]
L. plantarum dfa1 was more profound than E. faecium dfa1 as indicated by body weight, blood cholesterol, some regional fat deposition, oxidative stress in the liver, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and gut leakage (FITC-dextran assay) (Figure 1A–L or Figure 2A–K) without the difference in fecal abundance between both strains of probiotics (Figure 2L)
These data supported the acceptable property of both probiotic strains in terms of the stability in the intestines [26] and the possible difference in anti-obesity effect among probiotics [53]
Summary
A major health problem around the world, is linked to diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, all of which can cause serious consequences in critically ill patients [1]. Obesity-induced chronic inflammation leads to atherosclerosis, a major vascular consequence of obesity [2]. Despite the high prevalence of obesity-induced inflammation, the pathogenesis of this condition is still uncertain. It is thought to be a combination of several mechanisms, such as hypertrophic adipocyte hypoxia and apoptosis [3,4], reduced adiponectin with leptin elevation [5], saturated fatty acid-induced inflammation and mitochondria dysfunction [6], and metabolic endotoxemia from gut barrier defect [7]. The immune responses against endotoxins may lead to the most potent response because immune activation by the organism’s pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is naturally more severe than the response towards the host cell’s damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [8].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
