Abstract
The most relevant electrolytes used in commercial electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are based on non-aqueous solvents as acetonitrile (ACN) and propylene carbonate (PC). However, these solvents are synthesized from non-renewable fossil feedstocks, making it desirable to develop more sustainable alternatives. To address this issue, in this work lactic acid was used to synthesize a panel of substances with small structural variation. The investigated products belong to the chemical family of ketals, and among them the 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one (LA-H,H) was found to be the most suitable to prepare electrolytic solutions. Therefore, LA-H,H was combined with triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMABF4), and analyzed in symmetrical EDLC. This electrolyte was thoroughly characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), disclosing competitive performances compared to PC-based electrolyte. The EDLC with LA-H,H/TEMABF4 displayed a specific energy and power of 13.4 Whkg−1 and 22.5 kWkg−1 respectively, with an optimal cycling stability over 5000 cycles at different current densities.
Highlights
The production of sustainable energy is one of the most relevant issues of current times
In the field of energy storage, supercapacitors (SCs), and in particular the electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), have become of great interest thanks to their complementary performance compared to batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
−60 °C) was reported [25], while in combination with ethylis oDpespeirteaatcioonnsidaelrapbloe itmepnrotviaemlsenot off 3tra.0nspVortwpreopreertirese,athcehopeedrat[in2g6v]o.ltage of EDLC contaRineRcinegnettchaedesvneatnellceyecstrrioenglyavtredesinsisgtlioeglweacetrrtotehlydatnestnhbaaittserodfilAoenI-Lof-rbrgaeasneeidc osEoDrlvLgeCnastns(fciroocnmcse1ro.n8ltVvheteosnt2u.td2syVo)a.f re 1,2 [n2itr7il]e,s,tientlirnaeamr aelitphhaotixc cyhgainlys (oglxuatalro(nTitrMileGGT)Na, naddipotneittrrilae eAtDhNo),xbyragnclhyedocxhaailns(TEG) w(p2r-omipteihothnyPiclgyalucrti1da4roBmnFeittrh4ilyepl 2erMsotGevrNiC)dPaAendMdaEsa)fu[2pn4co]t.itoTenhanelstgeiraosuolplvwsepnirtensserdenaotcihwn mveoertyhfyh3lige.s1hteoVrps e(,3ra-wctyioahnniaoll-e mod wpotietnhtiaTlsM(3.5GV)a, mnadkinTgEhiGgh-dvoulteagetoaptphliceaitironrseploastsiibvlyealbylehtoigadhdrvesissthceonseietdyt.o increase the EDLC’s specific energy
Summary
The production of sustainable energy is one of the most relevant issues of current times. The electrical conductivity of non-aqueous electrolytes is often significantly lower than that of water, and this contributes to increasing their internal resistance For these reasons, commercial EDLCs supercapacitors contain acetonitrile (ACN). −60 °C) was reported [25], while in combination with ethylis oDpespeirteaatcioonnsidaelrapbloe itmepnrotviaemlsenot off 3tra.0nspVortwpreopreertirese,athcehopeedrat[in2g6v]o.ltage of EDLC contaRineRcinegnettchaedesvneatnellceyecstrrioenglyavtredesinsisgtlioeglweacetrrtotehlydatnestnhbaaittserodfilAoenI-Lof-rbrgaeasneeidc osEoDrlvLgeCnastns(fciroocnmcse1ro.n8ltVvheteosnt2u.td2syVo)a.f re 1,2 [n2itr7il]e,s,tientlirnaeamr aelitphhaotixc cyhgainlys (oglxuatalro(nTitrMileGGT)Na, naddipotneittrrilae eAtDhNo),xbyragnclhyedocxhaailns(TEG) w(p2r-omipteihothnyPiclgyalucrti1da4roBmnFeittrh4ilyepl 2erMsotGevrNiC)dPaAendMdaEsa)fu[2pn4co]t.itoTenhanelstgeiraosuolplvwsepnirtensserdenaotcihwn mveoertyhfyh3lige.s1hteoVrps e(,3ra-wctyioahnniaoll-e mod wpotietnhtiaTlsM(3.5GV)a, mnadkinTgEhiGgh-dvoulteagetoaptphliceaitironrseploastsiibvlyealbylehtoigadhdrvesissthceonseietdyt.o increase the EDLC’s specific energy These substances have high acute toxicity (some eFvernofmatal tinhceaspe oof iinnhtaloatfionv)iaenwd heoaflththhaezasrdus,satnaditnhearebfoilreittyheyodfoEnoDt sLeeCms, man tsouitoaTbboletifnaocrirnecoasmaemcthtoeinvpceeormfcomramerrabcniaoclenaopafptclhieceaoctiluoanssssi.cmACaNte-braisaedlselaecntrdolybticinsodluetirosnsf, rboinmary biom imsixstutrielslwlaithcokthinergorgfaonric stohlveendtsehvaveelroecpenmtlyebneetn sotufdniedo.nW-haeqn muiexeoduwsithedliebcuttyrlolytes nwcaaorsbtorenhpaotiergt(e1hd0l%[i2−g5]3h,3wt%htvilh)e, eianncoeotrminibgcirnieanatsieooninfwptiethrhfoeerthmiynalnisvcoeeparstotlpoiywglsatuetlmfeopndeer(ae7t5ul–ere5cs0%t(ur)pootploye−rtae6ti0so◦nCadl)espite apopternotitailscopf 3o.0lVarwesroe rlevacehnedts[26f]r.om renewable sources is a topic of grea. The solvent 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one displayed performances competitive (Csp 14.2 Fg−1, Esp 13.4 Whkg−1 and Psp 22.5 kWkg−1) with commercial solvents, such as propylene carbonate, and it represents an example of what can be defined as a “Non-Aqueous Sustainable Electrolyte” (NASE)
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