Abstract
Wild pigs usually showed high tolerance and resistance to several diseases in the wild environment, suggesting that the gut bacteria of wild pigs could be a good source for discovering potential probiotic strains. In our study, wild pig feces were sequenced and showed a higher relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus (43.61% vs. 2.01%) than that in the domestic pig. A total of 11 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains including two L. rhamnosus, six L. mucosae, one L. fermentum, one L. delbrueckii, and one Enterococcus faecalis species were isolated. To investigate the synergistic effects of mixed probiotics strains, the mixture of 11 LAB strains from an intestinal ecology system was orally administrated in mice for 3 weeks, then the mice were challenged with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (2 × 109 CFU) and euthanized after challenge. Mice administrated with LAB strains showed higher (p < 0.05) LAB counts in feces and ileum. Moreover, alterations of specific bacterial genera occurred, including the higher (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Butyricicoccus and Clostridium IV and the lower (p < 0.05) abundance of Enterorhabdus in mice fed with mixed LAB strains. Mice challenged with Escherichia coli showed vacuolization of the liver, lower GSH in serum, and lower villus to the crypt proportion and Claudin-3 level in the gut. In contrast, administration of mixed LAB strains attenuated inflammation of the liver and gut, especially the lowered IL-6 and IL-1β levels (p < 0.05) in the gut. Our study highlighted the importance of gut bacterial diversity and the immunomodulation effects of LAB strains mixture from wild pig in gut health.
Highlights
Homeostasis of gut health, together with the diverse and complex microbial community harbored in the gut, plays a central role in host health [1]
When lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from WP were isolated and cultured (Figure 1B), a total of 112, 15, 2, 1, and 1 strains were classified as L. mucosae, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, L. delbrueckii, and Enterococcus faecalis within the 192 cultures, respectively
Within the 11 LAB strains, ZJU_AH811 and ZJU_AH812 belong to L. rhamnosus, ZJU_AH819 belongs to L. fermentum, ZJU_AH820 belongs to L. delbrueckii, ZJU_AH821 belongs to Enterococcus faecalis, and the rest of the 6 strains belong to L. mucosae
Summary
Homeostasis of gut health, together with the diverse and complex microbial community harbored in the gut, plays a central role in host health [1]. Disorder of gut health, including the alteration of gut microbiota, impairment of barrier function, and disruption of the immune system, further lead to several diseases of the host [2]. Supplementation of probiotics has been revealed as one of the effective strategies to maintain the gut health [3]. Immunomodulation Effects of Probiotics microorganisms that confer several health benefits when administrated in adequate amounts to the host” [4]. Most often used as probiotic supplements, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) include many bacterial genera, including Lactobacilli, Lactococci, Enterococci, Streptococci, Leuconostoc, and Pediococci, among which the best known is the genus Lactobacillus [5]. Numerous studies have revealed the beneficial effect in applying LAB, with the mechanisms behind including suppression of pathogens, manipulation of microbiota communities, immunomodulation, stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation, and differentiation and fortification of the gut barrier [6]
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