Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) has been reported to produce chromosomal effects in some in vivo and in vitro animal models. Its potential for inducing similar effects in human lymphocytes is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine human lymphocytes treated with HQ for the presence of chromosomal anomalies, using an accepted assay for micronuclei. In addition, the stability of HQ in culture medium was determined to verify exposures. Lymphocyte cultures were obtained from eight donors so that variable responses amongst individuals could be assessed. The micronucleus assays utilized were a common 72 h assay with no wash, as well as two assay variations to maximize cell division. Assay variations consisted of either cell washing at 44 h or allowing unwashed cultures an extra 24 h recovery period before harvest. In all assays treatment was at 24 h post-mitogenic stimulation and cytochalasin B was added to stop dividing cells from undergoing cytokinesis. Thus, cells that were scored had undergone one division in the presence of the chemical. Stability results showed that while HQ was detectable in cultures at least for 15 h, it was considerably more stable at 25 than at 100 or 250 microM treatment levels. Results generated using any of the three micronucleus assay variations showed no significant increase in micronuclei in cultures treated with 12.5-200 microM HQ. Colchicine, the positive control and a known spindle disrupter, produced elevated levels of micronuclei. At certain HQ concentrations, a block in cell division was observed, as evidenced by a decrease in percent binucleated cells and replicative index end-points. By varying the assay conditions, cell cultures overcame this block in division and divided at HQ concentrations up to 200 microM, depending on the donor. The reversible block in cell division observed may be a protective response, allowing cells to recover without gross chromosomal damage. This study has substantially expanded the database with regard to the effects of HQ treatment on lymphocytes.
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