Abstract
Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 113–120. Abstract A program of scaled flow model experiments has been undertaken to study the performance of five-spot water floods. The modeling procedures are discussed and the construction and operation of the flow models are described. The tests were specifically designed to investigate the effects of injection rate and of oil-to-water viscosity ratio on oil recovery. The areal sweep of five-spot water floods was also studied, and direct comparisons between five-spot and linear flooding behavior have been established to permit better utilization of core analysis results for purposes of field waterflood evaluations. Introduction For a long time reservoir engineering procedures have been confined to the consideration of idealized, one-dimensional or linear systems. However, direct application of the linear waterflood mechanism to the evaluation of actual field performance is justifiable only for the purposes of rough approximation. To obtain a realistic analysis of field behavior, it is necessary to account for reservoir geometry and well distribution, and to take into consideration the configuration of the flow of fluids between injection and producing wells. In the past it has been attempted to account for the complex nature of the fluid movement in the reservoir by associating each well pattern with a certain "sweep-efficiency constant", e.g., a sweep efficiency of 72 per cent for the conventional five-spot pattern. More recently, methods of waterflood evaluation have been improved by the introduction of variable sweep-efficiency factors, defining the areal coverage as a function of cumulative water injection and viscosity or "mobility" ratio. These variable sweep-efficiency factors, derived from miscible fluid displacement experiments, require the assumption of piston-like displacement of oil by water. This implies that only one fluid, either oil or water, is moving at anyone point of the reservoir at any moment.
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