Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects known for their public health importance. Efforts to eradicate this disease involve elimination of the vector with natural base insecticides which are safer when compared to synthetic insecticides which are harmful to human. Toxicity effect of extracts from peels and seeds of Citrus sinesis , Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limonum were evaluated against adult Anopheles mosquitoes at different concentrations and time of exposure; 20, 40 and 60 minutes. The peels and seeds were air dried for 15 days before pulverization. The pulverized peels and seeds were subjected to extraction using soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as solvent. The stock solutions were prepared by adding 0.1 mL of extract to 9.9 mL of ethanol to make 1% concentration. The following different concentrations 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the extract were prepared as followed; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mL of the extract were dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0 and 7.5 mL of the solvent (Ethanol) respectively with three (3) replicates for each concentration, while 10 mL of ethanol was used as the control (0%). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phytochemical constituents were analyzed. The efficacy of the extracted oils was tested on adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. At 25% concentration, C. aurantifolia peel extract recorded 62.22% mortality at 60 minutes while the seed extract recorded 50% mortality at the same concentration and time. The toxicity increased in respect to time of exposure, the toxicity estimation of LC 50 was 22.05% from the extract of C. aurantifolia peels and LC 95 was 112.27% for C. limonum peels extract after 60 minutes of application. The potency of the Citrus peels and seeds extracts may be as a result of the phytochemical constituents present in them. These results suggest that the Citrus peel and seed extracts have the potential to be used as ideally in eco-friendly approach for the control of the vector control programs.
Highlights
Female Anopheles mosquito is one of the most important disease vectors in the insect world, being the vector of Malaria
Major emphasis has been on the use of natural plant based products as larvicides and adulticides which can be a safe alternate to synthetic insecticides (Zhu et al, 2008).Citrus seeds and peels contain certain compounds with varied level of bitterness and these compounds have been tested against Journal of Mosquito Research 2019, Vol.9, No.1, 1-8 http://jmr.emtoscipublisher.com insects and proved to be effective (Effiom et al, 2014)
2.1 Phytochemical analysis of extract The qualitative phytochemical screening of oil extracted from Citrus fruits peels and seeds are presented on Table 1
Summary
Female Anopheles mosquito is one of the most important disease vectors in the insect world, being the vector of Malaria This vector is of a significant threat to public health because of their ability to transmit parasitic pathogens which afflict millions of people worldwide. WHO (2014) reported that about 3.3 billion people are at risk of malaria, out of which 1.2 billion are at high risk Approach to combat these diseases largely relies on interruption of the disease transmission cycle by either targeting on the mosquito larvae at breeding sites through spraying stagnant water or by killing/repelling the adult mosquitoes using insecticides (Corbel et al, 2004; Joseph et al, 2004). Number of compounds and materials known today as effective insecticides and pesticides are numerous. Major emphasis has been on the use of natural plant based products as larvicides and adulticides which can be a safe alternate to synthetic insecticides (Zhu et al, 2008).Citrus seeds and peels contain certain compounds with varied level of bitterness and these compounds have been tested against
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