Abstract
Paratyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (A, B and C), and contributes significantly to global disease burden. One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is the lack of a proper gold standard. Given the absence of a licensed vaccine against S. Paratyphi, this diagnostic gap leads to inappropriate antibiotics use, thus, enhancing antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the symptoms of paratyphoid overlap with other infections, including the closely related typhoid fever. Since the development and utilization of a standard, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method is essential in controlling any disease, this review discusses a new promising approach to aid the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. This advocated approach is based on the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and DNA probes to detect specific nucleic acid sequences of S. Paratyphi. We believe that this SPR-based genoassay can be a potent alternative to the current conventional diagnostic methods, and could become a rapid diagnostic tool for paratyphoid fever.
Highlights
The genus Salmonella, which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, consists of rod-shapedGram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria [1]
To diagnose paratyphoid fever, most diagnostic microbiology laboratories depend on a conventional approach of culture and biochemical analysis, which often takes at least 4–5 days to obtain final results [27]
Ayyildiz and colleagues conducted a study using 168 serum samples to determine the titer of antibodies against the pathogens of paratyphoid and typhoid fever using Widal test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [56]
Summary
The genus Salmonella, which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, consists of rod-shaped. One major problem within resource-limited areas where standard laboratory approaches for the diagnosis of enteric fever are not available is the unwillingness to verify inaccurate diagnoses Physicians depend on their professional expertise to create an “accurate guess” of the origin of the disease [14]. This could lead to an overestimation of reported cases of typhoid fever in clinically suspected cases of enteric fever, since typhoid is better studied and well understood compared to paratyphoid [14]. Paratyphi involve growing the bacteria in a culture medium, accompanied by serological, biochemical, or molecular diagnostics These approaches sometimes work with poor selectivity and specificity [17].
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