Abstract
Ocular tuberculosis implies any infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), in or around the eye. Ocular tuberculosis has historically been further classified into “primary” and “secondary” ocular tuberculosis: primary, when the disease affects the eye with little or no systemic involvement, and secondary, where a haematogenous spread from a distant site or seeding from an adjacent area (such as the paranasal sinuses) occurs. Secondary ocular tuberculosis can also occur as a cross-reactive immune response by the host to tuberculosis of a distant site, affecting the intraocular tissues. In areas with low TB endemicity, such as the USA and Europe, the estimated prevalence of ocular tuberculosis is around 1–4%, whereas in highly endemic areas like India and the Middle East, the prevalence may be as high as 10–26%. The HIV pandemic and emergence of drug-resistant strains of MTB has generated a renewed interest in the disease.
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