Abstract
The introduction of a solid particle number limit for vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines resulted in a lot of research and improvements in this field in the last decade. The requirement to also fulfil the limit in the recently introduced real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation led to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in European vehicle models. As the pre-standardisation research was based on engines, retrofitted vehicles and prototype vehicles, there is a need to better characterise the actual emissions of GPF-equipped GDI vehicles. In the present study we investigate one of the first mass production vehicles with GPF available in the European market. Regulated and non-regulated pollutants were measured over different test cycles and ambient temperatures (23 °C and −7 °C) in the laboratory and different on-road routes driven normally or dynamically and up to 1100 m altitude. The results showed that the vehicle respected all applicable limits. However, under certain conditions high emissions of some pollutants were measured (total hydrocarbons emissions at −7 °C, high CO during dynamic RDE tests and high NOx emissions in one dynamic RDE test). The particle number emissions, even including those below 23 nm, were lower than 6 × 1010 particles/km under all laboratory test cycles and on-road routes, which are <10% of the current laboratory limit (6 × 1011 particles/km).
Highlights
The introduction of vehicle emission standards in the European Union (EU) and the following tightening of the limits and more robust test procedures have been followed by the implementation of a series of exhaust aftertreatment systems
Emission limits for total hydrocarbons (THC), NOx and Carbon monoxide (CO) for vehicles with spark ignition engines were followed by the wide introduction of the three-way catalyst (TWC)
SPN23 and SPN10 stands for solid particle number emissions above 23 nm and 10 nm, respectively
Summary
The introduction of vehicle emission standards in the European Union (EU) and the following tightening of the limits and more robust test procedures have been followed by the implementation of a series of exhaust aftertreatment systems. While most of the recent studies provide results for prototypes or retrofitted vehicles, often optimized to present the best possible filtration performance [2,19], in the present study we investigate one of the first vehicles with GPF available in the European market in mass production This should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of filtration and regeneration and overall performance presented by this relatively new technology under representative laboratory and on-road conditions. A comprehensive study of the gaseous and particulate regulated and non-regulated emissions, namely NH3 , N2 O, HCHO, CH3 CHO, aromatic compounds (AHC) and solid particles below 23 nm from a GPF-equipped Euro 6b compliant gasoline vehicle is performed under a wide variety of real world conditions. The results are compared with some of the latest findings reported for gasoline vehicles
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