Abstract

This chapter examines the very different outcomes of rural migration in China and India through a critical comparative analysis of state interventions (or lack of), conditions of social and economic disparity, and scale of long-term and return labor migration. The findings suggest that the household registration (hukou) system in China plays a key role in securing return migration and advancing rural development via remittances and transfers of knowledge, skills, and technology. In the absence of a household registration system and any government incentives for return migration in India, the rate of return migration among rural migrants has always been very low, and the overall contribution of out-migration to the rural economy and rural development has been limited at best.

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