Abstract
We describe rapid, label-free detection of Influenza A viruses using the first radial mode of oscillations of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric discs with a 2 mm radius and 100 µm thickness fabricated from a piezoelectric membrane. The discs are modified with a synthetic sialylglycopolymer receptor layer, and the coated discs are inserted in a flowing virus suspension. Label-free detection of the virus is achieved by monitoring the disc radial mode resonance frequency shift. Piezo transducers with sialylglycopolymer sensor layers exhibited a long lifetime, a high sensitivity and the possibility of regeneration. We demonstrate positive, label-free detection of Influenza A viruses at concentrations below 105 virus particles per millilitre. We show that label-free, selective, sensitive detection of influenza viruses by home appliances is possible in principle.
Highlights
Influenza viruses are a worldwide problem for humanity
According to Shih et al [37], the relative resonance frequency shift Δf/f is independent of the length and width of the piezoelectric cantilevers and is only proportional to the surface stress s resulting from virus binding and inversely proportional to the thickness h of the resonator: Δf/f ∝ s/h, where f is the initial resonance frequency and Δf is the resonance frequency shift defined as the difference in the resonance frequency of the cantilever in solution before and after exposure to virus particles
We demonstrated the possible use of PZT piezo disc resonators with a polymer receptor layer for detecting influenza virions
Summary
Influenza viruses are a worldwide problem for humanity. Early detection of influenza is the most effective way to protect against the flu [1]. Effective sampling of virus particles combined with highly sensitive methods of detection could enable fast, early detection of airborne influenza viruses. A successful effective approach for sampling airborne influenza virus particles that is suitable for home appliances was recently demonstrated [7]. Combining such a virus particle sampler and a sensor working in solution could be very effective for virus detection. Sensors for influenza virus detection require several properties for use in home appliances: they should be label-free; have long lifetime durability, high sensitivity and selectivity; be insensitive to environmental conditions; and have a low cost and simple production methods
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