Label-free screening of common urinary system tumors from blood plasma based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

BackgroundThe incidence of common urinary system tumors has been rising rapidly in recent years, and most urinary system-derived tumors lack specific biomarkers. ObjectivesTo explore the efficacy of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of blood plasma in screening three common urinary system tumors, including bladder cancer (BC), prostate cancer (PCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MethodsSERS plasma spectra from 125 plasma samples, including 25 PCa, 38 RCC, 24 BC patients, and 38 normal volunteers, were collected. All candidates had no other comorbidities. The Diagnosis was based on the combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and the effectiveness of the diagnostic algorithms was verified using the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). ResultsThere are significant differences in SERS signals between PCa, BC, RCC, and normal plasma, especially at 639, 889, 1010, 1136, and 1205 cm−1. The PCA-LDA results show that high sensitivity (100 %), specificity (100 %), and accuracy (100 %) could be achieved for screening the PCa, RCC, BC group vs. the normal group, the PCa group vs. the BC and RCC group, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the BC group vs. the RCC group are 79.2 %, 71.1 %, and 75.15 %, respectively. The integrated area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0 for the PCa, RCC, and BC group vs. the normal group, respectively. The AUC of the PCa group vs. the BC group and RCC group and the BC group vs. the RCC group are 1.0, 1.0, and 0.842, respectively. ConclusionsLabel-free plasma-SERS technology with PCA-LDA analysis could be a useful screening method for detecting urinary system tumors (PCa, RCC, and BC) in this exploratory study.