Abstract
Blood vessels are the important components of the circulatory systems that transport blood throughout the human body and maintain the homeostasis of physiological tissues. Pathologically, blood vessels are often affected by diseases, leading to the formation of unstable, irregular, and hyperpermeable blood vessels. In the tumor microenvironment, abnormal leakage of tumor blood vessels is related to the histological grade and malignant potential of tumors and may also facilitate metastasis of cancer. Visual diagnosis of blood vessels is very important for us to understand the occurrence and development of diseases. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a potential label-free diagnostic tool based on second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF). MPM can effectively observe the morphological changes of biological tissues at the molecular and cellular levels. In this work, we demonstrate that label-free MPM can be used to visualize the microstructure of blood vessels in human normal breast and breast tumor tissue. Moreover, MPM can monitor the changes of blood vessels in tumor microenvironment. These results show that the MPM will become a promising technique for clinicians to study the properties of the microstructure of the blood vessels.
Highlights
Blood vessels are the primary components of the circulatory system
The middle section was used to stain with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and make the histological examination with standard light microscopy
The remaining two adjacent sections were for Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging
Summary
Blood vessels are the primary components of the circulatory system. According to their structure and function, blood vessels are classified as arteries, capillaries, and veins [1]. Vascular imaging can measure vascular permeability and analyze the abnormalities of cells on the wall of blood vessels. They can pinpoint the location of angiogenesis, assess vascular heterogeneity, and distinguish the characteristics of angiogenesis and normal blood vessels [6]. The H&E staining procedure requires a lot of time, including formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. It cannot be used for real-time imaging. MRI works based on the contrast related to the differences in the density of the proton It does not use ionizing radiation but requires contrast
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