Abstract
A highly effective way to improve prognosis of viral infectious diseases and to determine the outcome of infection is early, fast, simple, and efficient diagnosis of viral pathogens in biological fluids. Among a wide range of viral pathogens, Flaviviruses attract a special attention. Flavivirus genus includes more than 70 viruses, the most familiar being dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Haemorrhagic and encephalitis diseases are the most common severe consequences of flaviviral infection. Currently, increasing attention is being paid to the development of electrochemical immunological methods for the determination of Flaviviruses. This review critically compares and evaluates recent research progress in electrochemical biosensing of DENV, ZIKV, and JEV without labelling. Specific attention is paid to comparison of detection strategies, electrode materials, and analytical characteristics. The potential of so far developed biosensors is discussed together with an outlook for further development in this field.
Highlights
The Flavivirus genus related to the family Flaviviridae includes more than 70 different viruses [1].The genetic material of flaviviruses is represented by single-stranded RNA
The most frequent flavivirus infections from mosquitoes are caused by dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) [3]
We have focused on recent advanced applications of electrochemical label-free biosensors in diagnostics of flaviviruses
Summary
The Flavivirus genus related to the family Flaviviridae includes more than 70 different viruses [1]. The most frequent flavivirus infections from mosquitoes are caused by dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) [3] This is probably the reason why most label-free biosensors introduced so far were focused on these flaviviruses, and the reason for their selection into this review. Electrochemical biosensors are of special interest due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, relatively low equipment acquisition costs, and suitability for miniaturization Considering these circumstances, several scientific groups have developed new electrochemical biosensor systems for the quantification of flaviviruses [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Different types of recognition elements and electrode materials are used for developing such highly sensitive label-free sensors, which are highly specific for the detection of target molecule and determine the possibilities and limitations of the biosensor used. The article is basically organized by different flaviviruses and, in the chapters devoted to individual flaviviruses, sensing principles were used as second classification criterion
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