Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a good candidate for the development of fast and easy-to-use diagnostic tools, possibly used on serum in screening tests. In this study, a potential label-free serum test based on SERS spectroscopy was developed to analyze human serum for the diagnosis of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We firstly synthesized novel highly branched gold nanoparticles (HGNPs) at high yield through a one-step reduction of HAuCl4 with dopamine hydrochloride at 60°C. Then, HGNP substrates with good reproducibility, uniformity, and high SERS effect were fabricated by the electrostatically assisted (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane-(APTES-) functionalized silicon wafer surface-sedimentary self-assembly method. Using as-prepared HGNP substrates as a high-performance sensing platform, SERS spectral data of serum obtained from healthy subjects, lung adenocarcinoma patients, lung squamous carcinoma patients, and large cell lung cancer patients were collected. The difference spectra among different types of NSCLC were compared, and analysis result revealed their intrinsic difference in types and contents of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. SERS spectra were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), which was able to distinguish different types of NSCLC. Considering its time efficiency, being label-free, and sensitivity, SERS based on HGNP substrates is very promising for mass screening NSCLC and plays an important role in the detection and prevention of other diseases.
Highlights
Lung cancer is presently the most commonly diagnosed metastatic tumor and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world
SERS spectroscopy based on highly branched gold nanoparticle (HGNP) substrate was used to investigate the spectral characteristics of human serum for the purpose of diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Scheme 1)
HGNPs grow in random orientations like {111}, {200}, {220}, and {311} crystalline facet. e results indicated that as-prepared HGNPs were pure and well crystallized gold
Summary
Lung cancer is presently the most commonly diagnosed metastatic tumor and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Raman scattering can be enhanced by as much as 6 to 14 orders of magnitude when the analyses are adsorbed onto the roughened surfaces of the metallic nanostructure [8] It is very suitable for studying biological sample containing water. E optical properties of HGNPs may be controlled by changing the size, shape, and number and length of sharp branches It demonstrated that HGNPs have higher sensitivity in localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as compared with other nanoparticles [15, 16]. SERS spectroscopy based on highly branched gold nanoparticle (HGNP) substrate was used to investigate the spectral characteristics of human serum for the purpose of diagnosing NSCLC (Scheme 1). We utilized the asprepared HGNPs substrates to detect the SERS spectra of serum from healthy subjects and three types of NSCLC (lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer). SERS spectra were analyzed by using principal component analysis (PCA), demonstrating that SERS spectroscopy was a sensitive analysis technology for classification and discrimination of the different types of NSCLC
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