Abstract
Infections pose a serious global public health problem and are a major cause of premature mortality worldwide. One of the most challenging objectives faced by modern medicine is timely and accurate laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases. Being a key factor of timely initiation and success of treatment, it may potentially provide reduction in incidence of a disease, as well as prevent outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labor-consuming, require expensive equipment and qualified personnel, which restricts their use in case of limited resources. Over the past six decades, diagnostic technologies based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) have been and remain true alternatives to modern laboratory analyzers and have been successfully used to quickly detect molecular ligands in biosubstrates to diagnose many infectious diseases and septic conditions. These devices are considered as simplified formats of modern biosensors. Recent advances in the development of label-free biosensor technologies have made them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid pathogen indication, simplicity, user-friendliness, operational efficiency, accuracy, and cost effectiveness, with a trend towards creation of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up a broad range of applications of these analytical systems in clinical practice immediately at the site of medical care (point-of-care concept, POC). A great variety of modern nanoarchitectonics of biosensors are based on the use of a broad range of analytical and constructive strategies and identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious bacterial pathogens. Resolution of the existing biosensing issues will provide rapid development of diagnostic biotechnologies.
Highlights
Monitoring and early identification of markers is essential for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.the study of molecular markers of biological agents, as well as the search and development of highly effective and sensitive methods for indicating pathogenic microorganisms, have always been the focus of attention of researchers [1,2,3].As our knowledge of the complex biochemical processes underlying the pathogenesis of infectious processes deepened, it became necessary to design more sensitive and highly specific diagnosticBiosensors 2020, 10, 11; doi:10.3390/bios10020011 www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensorsBiosensors 2020, 10, 11 methods
The increasing number of studies in recent years associated with label-free biosensors indicates the continuous development of these technologies and detection methods
Modern trends in the development of label-free biosensor technologies are associated with the creation of new materials for the construction of transducers and the creation of conditions for a more efficient ligand-receptor interaction
Summary
Monitoring and early identification of markers is essential for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Highly efficient and accurate techniques of molecular hybridization and amplification of nucleic acids hold a special position in clinical diagnostics of infectious diseases These diagnostic tools require expensive equipment, long testing time, plenty of consumables, and skilled personnel. These tools have been successfully used to diagnose and identify molecular markers of infection, and they have not lost their biomedical significance today [10,11,13,15] (Figure 1) In their recent study, C.S. Jorgensen (2015) and co-authors from Denmark successfully tried the first commercial combined test for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila antigens in urine by LFIA [14]. When the analyte content in the solution is low, the specimen needs to be concentrated
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