La mort dans le Middle Passage : une approche cartographique de la traite des esclaves atlantique

Abstract

Cartographic representations of the Middle Passage are nearly nonexistent but have great potential to increase understanding of the Atlantic slave trade as a complement to dominant, narrative approaches. Perhaps the congenital relationship between colonialism, the slave trade, and the mapping tools of the discipline of geography has dissuaded many from believing that cartography can contribute to critical understanding of the Middle Passage. Nonetheless, to illustrate the potential, the maps debuted in this article chart the death of enslaved Africans and their disposal overboard on twenty-five voyages by Dutch vessels sailing from the Gold Coast of West Africa to the South American colony of Suriname in the second half of the 18th century. Such cartographic representations complement narrative ones in the multidisciplinary effort to transform the Atlantic from a blank oceanic space into one with structures, agencies, and research questions that differ from those of continental and national historiographies, placing the Middle Passage at the epicenter of the human commodification necessary for the emergence of global capitalism in early modern times. The purpose of the maps is not so much analysis of the spatial-temporal patterns of death on the Middle Passage, a topic already well understood through decades of scholarship and better advanced through statistical approaches. Rather, the maps have a twofold purpose. First, they comprise spatial visualizations of archival data to evoke the horror of one aspect of the abhorrent commerce in human beings during the Atlantic slave trade, to conjure up the bloody horror of the crime scene that resulted from the entanglement of capital and black bodies. Second, following the theme of this special issue, the maps illustrate how to implement the collaborative ethos at the heart of the digital humanities by employing GIS (Geographic Information System) software that is free and open-source, open-access sharing of the online spatial database, and licensing that allows readers to create derivative maps and other types of visualization. Those best practices recognize that the descendants of the enslaved have a fundamental right to the raw data that scholars extract from the documents of the slave trade, a key tenet of the black digital humanities.