LA-MC-ICPMS Pb–Pb dating of rutile from slowly cooled granulites: Confirmation of the high closure temperature for Pb diffusion in rutile

Abstract

Rapid Pb–Pb dating of natural rutile crystals by laser ablation multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) is investigated as a tool for constraining geological temperature–time histories. LA-MC-ICPMS was used to analyse Pb isotopes in rutile from granulite-facies rocks from the Reynolds Range, Northern Territory, Australia. The resultant ages were compared with previous U–Pb zircon and monazite age determinations and new mica (muscovite, phlogopite, and biotite) Rb–Sr ages from the same metamorphic terrane. Rutile crystals ranging in size from 3.5 to 0.05 mm with ⩽20 ppm Pb were ablated with a 300–25 μm diameter laser beam. Crystals larger than 0.5 mm yielded sufficiently precise 206Pb/ 204Pb and 207Pb/ 204Pb ratios to correct for the presence of common Pb, and individual rutile crystals often exhibited sufficient Pb isotopic heterogeneity to allow isochron calculations to be performed on replicate analyses of a single crystal. The mean of 12 isochron ages is 1544 ± 8 Ma (2 SD), with isochron ages for single crystals having uncertainties as low as ±1.3 Myr (2 SD). The 207Pb– 206Pb ages calculated without correction for common Pb are typically <0.5% higher than the common-Pb-corrected isochron ages reflecting the very minor amounts of common Pb present in the rutile. The LA-MC-ICPMS method described samples only the outer 0.1–0.2 mm of the rutile crystals, resulting in a grain size-independent apparent closure temperature ( T c) for Pb diffusion in rutile that is less than the T c of monazite ⩽0.1 mm in diameter, but significantly higher than the Rb–Sr system in muscovite (550 °C), phlogopite (435 °C) and biotite (400 °C). Even small rutile crystals are extremely resistant to isotopic resetting. For the established slow cooling rate of ca. 3 °C/Myr, the T c for Pb diffusion in the analysed rutile is ca. 630 °C. This is in excellent agreement with recent experimental results that indicate that rutile has a higher T c than previously thought (ca. 600–640 °C for rutile 0.1–0.2 mm diameter cooled at 3 °C/Myr; near 600 °C [Cherniak D.J., 2000. Pb diffusion in rutile. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 139, 198-207], versus 400 °C [Mezger, K., Hanson G.N., Bohlen S.R., 1989a. High precision U–Pb ages of metamorphic rutile: applications to the cooling history of high-grade terranes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 96, 106–118.] for 1 °C/Myr), and with current T c estimates for monazite and other high temperature geochronometers, which have been revised upwards in recent years. The new rutile ages, together with the other geochronological data from the region, support the interpretation that the Reynolds Range underwent prolonged slow cooling on a conductive geotherm, under nearly steady-state conditions. Slow cooling at ca. 3 °C/Myr persisted for at least 40 Myr followed the peak of high- T/low- P metamorphism to granulite-facies conditions, and probably continued at ca. 2–3 °C/Myr for ca. 200 Myr overall.