La fin du Tardiglaciaire dans le Grand-Ouest de la France

Abstract

In recent years, the Late Glacial period of Western France has been the scene of exciting new research. Prior to this research, the human occupation of Western France at the very end of the Pleistocene was seldom considered in discussions of European Prehistory. The presence of few stratified sites and the acidic soils of the Armorican Massif, which preserve few organic remains, are probably to blame for this treatment. A systematic study of assemblages collected in the 1970s-80s and the excavation of new sites allow us to re-examine the Final Palaeolithic of Western France. This new research has allowed us to propose a new chrono-cultural organization of the lithic industries. Because few sites are well-dated or stratified in Western France, this new chronology is based on lithic technology and a comparison of assemblages from the surrounding areas. In this paper, I specifically deal with assemblages long thought to be Magdalenian. However, some are in fact younger and represent a different technology that was replaced at the very end of the Late Glacial, during the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition. These so-called ’ Post-Azilian’ industries mark a clear technical departure from the Azilian that preceded and the early Mesolithic that succeeded them. Contrary to the Azilian, where non-uniform elongated flakes were the main objective, blades and bladelettes are the central focus of reduction in post-Azilian societies. Post-Azilian blanks are regular and standardized. They are produced from methods using high-quality raw materials. The bladelettes are used to make different kinds of projectile points. The design of projectiles varies across Europe and these different types are seen as the cultural markers of separate traditions : Laborian/ Epilaborian, Ahrensburgian/ Epiahrensburgian, Swiderian,… The assemblages of Western France show an interesting diversity of projectile points. Straight backed points are most common. These projectile points testify to southern influences and are characteristic of the Epilaborian in Southern France. The presence of these projectile points in Western France is not surprising considering the fact they have been found in surrounding areas ; it is however unexpected to find elements similar to the Ahrensburgian and Epiahrensburgian. The presence of Ahrensburgian tanged points and oblique truncated points in Western France show the extension of these Northern European traditions farther West. While these axial points are the most common, our work also suggests the existence of trapezoidal elements probably used as cutting points. Well known during the second half of the Mesolithic and the Neolithic, this kind of projectile point seems to appear much earlier than usually considered. We are currently working on the origin of this concept (changes in hunting strategies, diversification of targets) and its link with the environmental changes of the end of the Pleistocene. While projectile point types vary throughout Europe, study of the lithic sub-system shows the diffusion of strong technical concepts over a wide area. The assemblages of these different European traditions testify to the presence of homogeneous objectives and methods of production. This homogeneity suggests that there may be a large European techno-complex composed of several traditions that are not necessarily contemporaneous or geographically restricted. This new view of the very end of the Late Glacial period allows us to develop new hypotheses about the socio-economic organization of these human societies. From this perspective it is interesting to consider the impact climatic instability may have had on populations during this period.