Abstract
In emerging energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSN), the sensor nodes can harvest environmental energy to drive their operation, releasing the user’s burden in terms of frequent battery replacement, and even enabling perpetual sensing systems. In EH-WSN applications, usually, the node in energy-harvesting or recharging state has to stop working until it completes the energy replenishment. However, such temporary departures of recharging nodes severely impact the packet routing, and one immediate result is the routing loop problem. Controlling loops in connectivity-intermittent EH-WSN in an efficient way is a big challenge in practice, and so far, users still lack of effective and practicable routing protocols with loop handling. Based on the Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) widely used in traditional wireless sensor networks, this paper proposes a loop-aware routing protocol for real-world EH-WSNs, called La-CTP, which involves a new parent updating metric and a proactive, adaptive beaconing scheme to effectively suppress the occurrence of loops and unlock unavoidable loops, respectively. We constructed a 100-node testbed to evaluate La-CTP, and the experimental results showed its efficacy and efficiency.
Highlights
Energy resource is a dominant constraint in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), so prolonging the system lifetime is always an important topic for real-world applications [1,2]
We compare the network performances of Collection Tree Protocol (CTP) and La-CTP with multiple experiments which consist of real wireless sensor motes but realistically simulate the operation of energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSN)
The intermittent and random nature of EH-WSN in connectivity motivates us in designing loop-aware routing protocol for real-world EH-WSN applications
Summary
Energy resource is a dominant constraint in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), so prolonging the system lifetime is always an important topic for real-world applications [1,2]. A variety of environmental energy sources exist in nature, such as solar energy, wind energy, RF energy, vibration energy, and hydrokinetic energy [3,4,5,6,7]; some of them are renewable and can be captured and stored in rechargeable battery. By harvesting such renewable environmental energy to power wireless sensor nodes, the users do not need to frequently replace (or manually charge) the battery modules of their nodes, and they could achieve longer or even perpetual system operation [8,9,10,11]. EH-WSNs have recently attracted increasing attention from academia and industry
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