Abstract
Oncogenic cell transformation induces major changes in the structure and physiology of the cells: modifications of morphology, differentiation block, disorganisation of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, alterations in growth control. The identification of oncogenes relies upon transfer into host normal cells of DNA isolated from cancer cells. The recent development of DNA transfer into germinal cells has provided new insights into the genetic control of tumorogenesis in vivo. In most cases, full transformation into leukemic or tumor cell requires the cooperation of several oncogenes. These observations support the hypothesis of cancer as a multistep process. However, many of the cooperative oncogenes have not yet been identified, especially in human cancers. The recent discovery of genes acting as repressors of cell growth in normal cells has brought to light a new class of potential recessive oncogenes that might have a contributory function in cancer development.
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