Abstract
Cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) are active, self-organized, and dynamic networks, in which cognitive users can communicate with each other in an ad hoc fashion. Various delay and energy-based routing protocols have been proposed for CRAHNs. However, these protocols do not consider the delay and node energy in the routing process, which can significantly affect performance. Delay and node energy are important factors in ad hoc networks in which devices have limited power. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, named low-latency and energy-based routing (L2ER) protocol; it considers both delay and energy for the routing decisions in CRAHNs. The performances of the proposed protocol are evaluated comparing to two other protocols in terms of average throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than the existing protocols in many aspects.
Highlights
The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) published a report [1] about spectrum management
By using this new technology, devices operate in different frequency bands, which is extremely useful in emergency scenarios
Under the assumption that all participating nodes find out regarding primary users (PUs) activity free-channels using some methods proposed in [18, 19], we focus on finding the best route taking into account both path delays and residual energy along the route
Summary
The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) published a report [1] about spectrum management. In the DSA research arena, different new programmable and intelligent devices are developed These devices can sense, share, and perform mobility among the unused portion of the licensed spectrum bands. CR plays an important role in emerging applications, including public safety [3], smart grid, military, medical, and mission critical networks [4] By using this new technology, devices operate in different frequency bands, which is extremely useful in emergency scenarios. While most of the previous research on cognitive radio reports the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer-related issues, only a small amount of work has been done on routing in CRAHNs. Routing in CRN can be further categorized into two types on the basis of spectrum knowledge [6]: full spectrum awareness and local spectrum awareness.
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