Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at the earlier stages could effectively decrease CRC-related mortality and incidence; however, accurate screening strategies are still lacking. Considerable interest has been generated in the detection of less invasive tests requiring a small sample volume with the potential to detect several cancer biomarkers simultaneously. Due to this, the ELISA-based method was undertaken in this study. Methods: Concentrations of neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), mesothelin (MSLN), midkine (MDK), hepsin (HPN), kallikrein 6 (KLK6), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 (ALDH1A1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) from blood serum of 36 primary CRC and 24 metastatic CRC (mCRC) were calculated via MAGPIX® System (Luminex Corporation, USA). Results: Significantly increased concentration (p < 0.05) of three serum biomarkers (L1CAM, CA9, and HPN) were shown in mCRC when compared with primary CRC. HPN and KLK6 showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in concentration among different stages of CRC. In contrast, levels of HPN and ALDH1A1 were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in chemotherapy-treated CRC patients as compared with nontreated ones. Conclusion: Serum biomarkers could act as a potential early CRC diagnostics test, but further additional testings are needed.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent diseases with an alarming increase in incidence and mortality, in developing countries [1]
Its low compliance rate due to the invasive nature, dietary restriction and extensive bowel preparation requirement, frequent repeating measure, risk of perforation (1 in 1000 and 10,000 colonoscopies), unstandardized colonoscopy procedures and histopathological examination, and low number of advanced neoplasms at specific sites has contributed to screening failures [9]
Noninvasive immunochemical fecal occult blood test for hemoglobin detection in the stool is available, its sensitivity is comparatively low in detecting early stages of CRC as well as advanced adenomas [10]
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent diseases with an alarming increase in incidence and mortality, in developing countries [1]. 30% to 50% of the newly diagnosed CRC patients will quickly progress into later stages/metastatic CRC (mCRC), and their 5 year survival rate was around 50% to 60% [3,4]. Various methods were proposed as screening tools for CRC in an attempt to decrease their high mortality rate [6]. Noninvasive immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) for hemoglobin detection in the stool is available, its sensitivity is comparatively low in detecting early stages of CRC as well as advanced adenomas [10]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at the earlier stages could effectively decrease CRC-related mortality and incidence; accurate screening strategies are still lacking. Results: Significantly increased concentration (p < 0.05) of three serum biomarkers (L1CAM, CA9, and HPN) were shown in mCRC when compared with primary CRC. Conclusion: Serum biomarkers could act as a potential early CRC diagnostics test, but further additional testings are needed
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