Abstract
Stéphane Pujol : Humanism and the Enlightenment. Today we see a crisis in traditional humanism, which also leads to questioning of the Enlightenment and has appeared violently at least twice this century. Contemporary anti-humanism uses the awareness of cultural differences for a ferocious criticism of philosophical universalism. Differences resulting from geography or history are said to preclude a universally valid content to the word human'. This ideological debate, despite an apparent historical consensus concerning the idea of a universal human being divested of ethnic, confessional or social roots, was already present in the 18th-century Philosophes. The opposition between the particular and the universal, the absolute and the relative, is in fact at the basis of Enlightened thought and it can be seen in the great authors in a fertile tension which needs to be analysed.
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