L’essor des sciences du neurone au xxe siècle

Abstract

A great revolution in the field of neuroscience started in the 1940s and took place after the Second World War. Before the War, the fundamental questions at stake dealt with the nature of neurotransmission, chemical or electrical. The first turning point occurred in the distinguished field of neurophysiology, where a better understanding of neuronal electrogenesis and fine dissections of nervous networks followed the introduction of the new intracellular recording technique. This technique is associated with biophysics, electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Consequently, the chemical theory of neurotransmission is uniformly adopted with the emergence of the quantal theory and the vesicular theory. There is a new opportunity for the discovery of neurotransmitters with the help of biochemical methods. Noradrenergic and aminergic paths are described with novel histological techniques, whereas electrophysiology is used to find their functions. All disciplines work together in the study of the synaptic organisations of nerve centres and local inhibition phenomena. Neuronal sciences adopt neuropharmacology to create a novel neurochemistry. New dissection procedures, morphological network tracing tools and surgical techniques offer novel ways of intervention and manipulation. These innovations of the 1950s and 1960s are central in building a new international community unified by the American neuroscience movement.