Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, is a non-essential amino acid but which has important health potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to different studies of the endogenous synthesis of CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as its ergogenic effect in exercise performance. The novel aspect of this paper focuses on the different effects of CIT, citrulline malate and CIT from natural sources such as watermelon on several topics, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and exercise performance. CIT from watermelon could be a natural food-sourced substitute for pharmacological products and therefore the consumption of this fruit is promoted.
Highlights
L-citrulline (CIT) is an organic compound and a non-essential amino acid [1], and the body can synthesize it endogenously
Diet is a poor source of CIT and endogenous synthesis is its main source in the body [3]
Watermelon is the principal source of that amino acid in the diet; the name CIT comes from Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), the scientific name for watermelon
Summary
L-citrulline (CIT) is an organic compound and a non-essential amino acid [1], and the body can synthesize it endogenously. World watermelon harvest area and production amounted to 3 million hectares and 100 million tons, respectively, in 2019 [8]. This fruit is mostly appreciated by consumers because of its capability for refreshing them. Red watermelon can help lower the risk of cancer and improve heart health [9]; and, this review will cover the benefits of CIT, providing examples when watermelon is consumed and promoting the consumption of this fruit. The main aim of this paper was to review recent research into the CIT synthesis, metabolism and its effects on different diseases and exercise performance, including CIT from natural sources such as watermelon
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