Abstract
The in vivo investigation of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its analogs is one of the recent exciting topics in pharmacology. In the current study we assessed the biological effects of these molecules on bdelloid rotifers (Philodina acuticornis and Adineta vaga) by monitoring changes in their survival and phenotypical characteristics. In addition to longitudinal (slowly changing) markers (survival, number of rotifers alive and body size index), some dynamic (quickly responding) ones (cellular reduction capacity and mastax contraction frequency) were measured as well. KYNA and its analogs increased longevity, reproduction and growth, whereas reduction capacity and energy-dependent muscular activity decreased conversely. We found that spermidine, a calorie restriction mimetic, exerted similar changes in the applied micro-invertebrates. This characterized systemic profile evoked by the above-mentioned compounds was named beneficial physiologic attenuation. In reference experiments, using a stimulator (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and a toxin (sodium azide), all parameters changed in the same direction (positively or negatively, respectively), as expected. The currently described adaptive phenomenon in bdelloid rotifers may provide holistic perspectives in translational research.
Highlights
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway plays an important role in several biological systems affected by aging, via modulating the cellular changes related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, cognitive and immune responses [1]
This molecule inhibits the overexcitation of glutamatergic transmission; it may may influence nutrition and metabolism, via the regulation of food-dependent behavioral plasticity influence nutrition andlevel metabolism, via the regulation of food-dependent behavioral
[16],high-throughput we developed a complex in vivo experimental a complex in vivo experimental screening, by measuring the viability for of high-throughput screening, measuring the survival, number of rotifers(CRC)
Summary
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway plays an important role in several biological systems affected by aging, via modulating the cellular changes related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, cognitive and immune responses [1]. Molecules 2019, 24, 2171 concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in cerebrospinal fluid were observed in aged populations [6], while in the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans the depletion of KYNA improved learning and while in [7]. The which well-known model [11], mainly used in based our laboratory, applies to bdelloid species, species, have rotifer-aging a complex nervous system on serotonergic regulation [12,13]. Alive survival,assay number rotifers alive (NRA), bodybysize index (BSI), cellular reduction capacity (NRA), body contraction size index (BSI), cellular reduction capacity (CRC) and mastax contraction frequency and mastax frequency (MCF). All these characteristics were applied in the current experiments as well.
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