Abstract
In the article, based on the analysis of ancient Russian teachings against paganism and archaeological data, the identification of the cult of ancient Russian twofaced deities is carried out. The authors presented an original scientific hypothesis that the two-faced idols found in Old Ryazan, Chernihiv and Kiev symbolized in the minds of our ancestors the East Slavic gods of fertility and the underworld of the Genus and rozhanits, mentioned in many ancient Russian teachings against paganism of the 12th- 16th centuries. The study emphasizes that the composition of ancient Russian art monuments clearly shows the evolution of mythological images associated with the underworld. The former pagan symbols of the afterlife - fantastic animals-semargls, sirins, griffins and dragons were gradually replaced by images of saints Boris and Gleb.
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