Abstract
Analytical solutions are not available for the partial hemispherical hydrosphere which called as the Kugel ball fountain or the Kugel ball. However, this study offers a comprehensive idea about this phenomenon presenting a design map that gives a panoramic sight enabling the designers to easily choose whatever specifications needed for their fountain. Through simplifying the author previous formulae for this type of bearings, this paper removes the mystery of the Kugel ball phenomenon and shows that no complicated mathematic or physics are needed, as believed, to be grasped for producing such fountains. A new simple design technique is used and the most two famous fountains (at the House of Science in Patras, Greece and the largest at the Science Museum of Virginia, Richmond, USA.) are checked as an application of this design. One of the most important side results of this study is finding the equilibrium point, discovered in the author previous papers, which was considered as the equilibrium point between the forces of centripetal inertia, viscosity and friction due to the surface roughness. It becomes clear that this point is a natural characteristic of this type of bearings.
Highlights
Kugel ball, as defined in the fountain Wikipedia, is a water feature or sculpture where a sphere sits in a fitted hollow in a pedestal, and is supported by aquaplaning on a thin film of water
To understand the Kugel ball phenomenon it is necessary to go back to the first hydrosphere found by Shaw and Strang [2] where it was suggested through theoretical and experimental work that the lubricant inertia could explain the performance of the bearing
Yacout [6,7,8,9,10,11] developed Dowson form to be able to handle this type of bearings with its different configurations, in presence of the surface roughness centripetal inertia and the lubricant variable viscosity, investigating its performance in details and offering a single equation covers this type and a design for restricted and self-restriction fitted bearing, which the Kugel ball is to be considered a partially hemispherical configuration of the hydrosphere
Summary
As defined in the fountain Wikipedia, is a water feature or sculpture where a sphere sits in a fitted hollow in a pedestal, and is supported by aquaplaning on a thin film of water. To understand the Kugel ball phenomenon it is necessary to go back to the first hydrosphere found by Shaw and Strang [2] where it was suggested through theoretical and experimental work that the lubricant inertia could explain the performance of the bearing. Yacout [6,7,8,9,10,11] developed Dowson form to be able to handle this type of bearings with its different configurations, in presence of the surface roughness centripetal inertia and the lubricant variable viscosity, investigating its performance in details and offering a single equation covers this type and a design for restricted and self-restriction fitted bearing, which the Kugel ball is to be considered a partially hemispherical configuration of the hydrosphere. Inasmuch as the hydrosphere has been found, the arguments about this type of bearings have not
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