Krupp in the Occupied Eastern Territories: Frustration, Failures, and the Question of Freedom

Abstract

This article speaks to a broader debate about the agency and freedom of German business during the Third Reich, on a spectrum from control and coercion to freedom of action. It argues that at least in the occupied eastern territories, Krupp and German business were not unwilling and coerced participants but neither entirely free to act as they wished. Looking at Krupp's experience in the occupied eastern territories during 1941–43, it argues Krupp's involvement in the economic exploitation of the territories was a willing choice and connected to Krupp's own interests and business objectives. At the same time, Krupp's involvement was limited and controlled by the Reich to serve Reich objectives, and the firm's experience of frustration and overall failure was caused by factors out of Krupp's control. Krupp's decision‐making, actions, and behaviours were not truly free, but Krupp had enough freedom to be responsible.