Abstract
The first case examined in this book involved a ‘wake up call’ that sparked the evolution of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). It was also one of the significant events that prompted a reconsideration of norms and rules for action in the international system. It was later used as both a negative and a positive example of how conflicts should be handled. This chapter analyses verbal reactions to ‘Operation Allied Force’ in Kosovo, which began on 24 March 1999 and officially ended on 10 June the same year. In spite of severe differences, most notably between Russia and the UK, the conflict in Kosovo also moved EU-Russian relations forward. Above all, the subsequent strengthening of the EU's actorness favoured a gradual rapprochement.
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