Abstract
Since neo-liberalism emerged in the 1980s, private actors have started to take a primary role in urban planning and foreign private developers became important actors, especially in urban development in developing countries. In order to investigate the mechanism of large-scale property developments by foreign developers, this paper focused on three cases developed by Koreans in Vietnam and investigated their similarities in development processes, and the resultant urban forms through analyzing relevant documents and conducting a series of in-depth interviews. As a result, a common strategy employed by Korean firms was to build villas first and apartments later, which would distort the resultant urban form. Conflicts with local governments over the provision of public facilities were another feature shared by these projects, and the provision of urban infrastructure, in turn, was scaled down during scheme changes. While previous studies argued that neglecting urban infrastructure has been a common feature of developments influenced by the privatization trend, foreign developers have more financial burdens and risks than their domestic counterparts, which increases the possibility of such neglect.
Highlights
Since neo-liberalism emerged in the 1980s, as represented by Reagan and Thatcher, private actors have started to take a primary role in urban planning
As neo-liberalization emerged, foreign private developers began to exert a greater influence on urban developments in third-world countries
A common strategy employed by Korean firms to mitigate risks in large-scale property developments in Vietnam was to build villas first and apartments later
Summary
Since neo-liberalism emerged in the 1980s, as represented by Reagan and Thatcher, private actors have started to take a primary role in urban planning. In Norway, around 60% of all development plans were initiated by private actors, and this proportion reaches up to 90% in large cities [2] In his case study of Metro Manila, Shatkin [3] argued that Manila has shown an unprecedented level of privatization in urban planning, in which large property developers have exerted planning power and manipulated urban transformation to serve their own interests. Such a transition in planning power has resulted in planning that serves private profit-making goals, rather than the public interest [4]. Large-scale property development has gained momentum in recent years with increased promotion by foreign investors [6,7,8,9]
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