Konfrontasi Malaysia Indonesia (Malay Version)

Iqbal U

doi:10.4172/2151-6200.1000148

Abstract

Cement is used as the primary sealant in oil and gas wells throughout the world and is manufactured to meet specific chemical and physical standards set up by the American Petroleum Institute (API). As a result, oil companies purchase cement manufactured according to specification of API for its oil well cementing. These special classes of cements are called Oil Well Cements (OWCs). In oil well cementing, less error is tolerated in the performance of the cement used as compared to conventional cementing work. This has resulted in more attention being placed on the usage of high grade API special class of cements as against any ordinary type of cement. However, there are some cementing operations that Construction Grade Cements (CGCs) have been used without resulting in any cementing challenges. This paper presents the progressions in experimental investigations and field applications of CGCs in oil well cementing. The experimental investigations on the physical properties such as thickening time and rheological properties revealed that local cements in its natural state lack sufficient technical properties for oil well cementing. However, with the right addition of oil well additives, local cements have proven to have the required technical properties for oil well cementing. Countries like Vietnam and Thailand have demonstrated the field applications potentials of CGC. Comparing the cost of CGCs and OWCs (imported), it is realised that more savings are made when CGCs are used in cementing operations.

Highlights

Indonesia occupies a very special place in the foreign policy of Malaysia
For Tunku Abdul Rahman, only through Malaysia idea can help him to liberate the territories in Borneo from British colonial rule
Malaysia and its allies have planned a variety of military operations for the oppressed retaliation if Indonesia launched a massive attack against Malaysia

Summary

Introduction

Indonesia occupies a very special place in the foreign policy of Malaysia. Even before independence, the people of Malaya joined the volunteer team that helped Indonesia's struggle for independence from the Dutch. History Programme, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Iqbal U, History Programme, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, UKM 43650, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia, Tel: 60389215555; E-mail: uqbah@siswa.ukm.edu.my The confrontation broke out between Malaysia and Indonesia as a result of the agreement between with Tunku Abdul Rahman and MacMillan to establish Malaysia comprising the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah (North Borneo) on August 31, 1963.

Results

Conclusion