Abstract
Kochiae Fructus (KF) is the fruit of an annual potherb Kochia scoparia (Linn.) Schrad and has been traditionally used for the treatment of diseases in the skin, eyes, and urinary tract for thousands of years in China. Recent studies have showed its anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiallergic, and antipruritogenic effects to clarify the mechanisms of these actions. Meanwhile, its other effects, such as anticancer, hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective effects, also have been reported. The achievement of these therapeutic effects is contributed by its chemical constituents. A total of 153 compounds have been identified in KF, mainly including triterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and essential oils. Momordin Ic is the representative triterpene glycoside compound, which is used as a phytochemical marker for the quality control of Kochiae Fructus. The research on toxicity is insufficient, and only one article reported that the LD50 was 7.15 ± 0.03 g/kg for water extract of KF after oral administration in KM mice. In addition, the pharmacokinetic study was carried out on momordin Ic with linear pharmacokinetic characteristics. Above all, this review provides comprehensive information about Kochiae Fructus and may provide the theoretic foundation of its clinical application and further development.
Highlights
Kochia scoparia (Linn.) Schrad (shown in Figure 1(a)), called Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J
There were many researches on the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities of Kochiae Fructus (KF), a systematic and updated review is unavailable. erefore, the aim of this review is to extensively summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of KF, as well as providing novel insights for clinical uses and further researches
Ree triterpenoid saponins, namely, 20-hydroxyecdysone, momordin Ic, and oleanolic acid from KF have been investigated on LPS-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. 20-Hydroxyecdysone performed significant inhibitory action on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation at the dose of 12.5 μM, while momordin Ic and oleanolic acid showed the anti-inflammatory effect at the dose of 6.25 μM
Summary
Kochia scoparia (Linn.) Schrad (shown in Figure 1(a)), called Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Kochia Fructus (KF, shown in Figure 1(b)) is the fruit of Kochia scoparia, which is a spheroidal pentagram with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm [2]. It was first recorded in “Shennong Ben Cao Jing” as a “top grade” medicinal material. There were many researches on the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities of KF, a systematic and updated review is unavailable. Erefore, the aim of this review is to extensively summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of KF, as well as providing novel insights for clinical uses and further researches There were many researches on the chemical constituents, pharmacological activities of KF, a systematic and updated review is unavailable. erefore, the aim of this review is to extensively summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of KF, as well as providing novel insights for clinical uses and further researches
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