Abstract
The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515 tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is susceptible to multiple viruses that lead to yield loss. These viruses are transmitted through different mechanisms, of which one is invertebrate vectors. Aphids and nematodes are known to be vectors of specific raspberry viruses. However, there are still other potential raspberry virus vectors that are not well-studied. This review aimed to provide an overview of studies related to this topic. All the known invertebrates feeding on raspberry were summarized. Eight species of aphids and seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes were the only proven raspberry virus vectors. In addition, the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, has been suggested as the natural vector of raspberry leaf blotch virus based on the current available evidence. Interactions between vector and non-vector herbivore may promote the spread of raspberry viruses. As a conclusion, there are still multiple aspects of this topic that require further studies to get a better understanding of the interactions among the viral pathogens, invertebrate vectors, and non-vectors in the raspberry agroecosystem. Eventually, this will assist in development of better pest management strategies.
Highlights
Insects are the largest group of invertebrates that act as plant virus vectors
This is because whiteflies vector two significant blackberry viruses, namely blackberry yellow vein-associated virus (BYVaV) and beet pseudo-yellows virus (BPYV) [30,36]. Both of these viruses are from genus Crinivirus (Closteroviridae) and transmitted in a semi-persistent manner [86,87]. Both T. vaporariorum and T. abutiloneus can be involved in transmitting BYVaV [88], but only the greenhouse whitefly has shown to be involved in the transmission of BPYV [89]
Similar evidence was found by Dong, Lemmetty, Latvala, Samuilova, and Valkonen [41], where P. gracilis was present in all the plants exhibiting raspberry leaf blotch disorder (RLBD) symptoms and raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV) RNA was detected in the mites
Summary
Insects are the largest group of invertebrates that act as plant virus vectors. In addition, mites and nematodes are common plant virus vectors [1]. The retention of non-persistent viruses is limited to the arthropod’s stylet and is bound to last only a few minutes to hours, or to molt. There are two types of persistent viruses, namely circulative and propagative Both of them require much longer acquisition and inoculation time, which range from minutes to hours, and a latent period of up to weeks. The nematodes require a minimum period (ranging from few minutes to hours) to acquire viruses from infected plants and they are able to retain them for months or years. The interaction between plant virus and its vector often exhibits a certain degree of specificity [10]. This is the case of raspberry viruses. This review aims to provide an overview of current available studies related to this topic
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