Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019) is a beta (β-) sub-class of the coronavirus which has caused more harm to live than expected. SARS-CoV-2 which was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020, has caused governments globally to declare and implement the “lock down” policy for its citizen, including Nigeria with a large population in Africa. The country National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) made it known the testing methods adopted by them are not effective at curtaining the large population of her citizens. Our main goal in this review is to focus on the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and new diagnostic techniques approaches that can be adopted in Nigeria. A total of 88,432 testing has been carried out by the NCDC, with 14,554 confirmed cases in 200 million populations. Although the SARS-CoV-2 test adopted by the NCDC has been on the molecular testing using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antibody tests using blood, which has many demerits. We therefore recommend the NCDC should approach new diagnostic techniques like use of saliva samples and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Conclusively, when these methods are considered, testing rates will greatly improve.
Highlights
The coronavirus (CoV), which belongs to the family “Coronaviridae” is organised into four sub-families: alpha [α-], beta [β-], delta [δ-] and gamma [γ-] CoV
The increase in cases reported by National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has been worrisome and the ways the testing are conducted needs to be improved or adjusted, this review aims to focus on pathogenesis and new diagnostic techniques approach that can be adopted by the Nigeria health sector to tackle the low testing rates of SARS-CoV-2
The NCDC technical advisor points out that insufficient compatible equipment was a hindrance to rapidly scaling up COVID-19 testing in Nigeria
Summary
The coronavirus (CoV), which belongs to the family “Coronaviridae” is organised into four sub-families: alpha [α-], beta [β-], delta [δ-] and gamma [γ-] CoV. Only α- and β-CoVs are known to cause disease in humans (deWilde et al, 2011; Weiss and Leibowitz, 2011). Primary types of CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (SARSCoV-1) both have 30.1kb and 27.9kb size single-stranded RNA respectively (Monchatre-Leroy et al, 2017). Respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, which leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome. This novel coronavirus is about 29.9 kb in size and was first reported in Wuhan, China on December 31, 2019 (Wu et al, 2020). From its phylogenetic interactions and genomic structures, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to genera β-coronavirus by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Guo et al, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant deaths globally, with Nigeria not an exception, prompting WHO to declare the outbreak a pandemic and government to implement the “lock down” legislation and other preventive measures (Ajari, 2020) and standard of care should remain the base of SARS-CoV-2 therapy (Oluwafolajimi et al, 2020)
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