Abstract
The knowledge level view advocates treating knowledge bases (KB) roughly as abstract data types: what is required of a KB is to be completely specified functionally, without regard to how it is implemented. We elaborate on this view, here, by providing detailed knowledge level accounts of several different types of languages for specifying KB. These accounts are expressed mainly in terms of two operations applicable to KB: TELL, which allows a system to tell a KB something about its application domain; and ASK, which allows the system to ask the KB questions about the domain. We also consider some of the important things that can be shown about an information system (a DBMS or a knowledge-base system) once the Knowledge Level description is in hand.
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