Abstract
Maps have long been seen as a single cartographic product for different uses, with the user having to adapt their interpretation to his or her own needs. On-demand mapping reverses this paradigm in that it is the map that adapts to the user’s needs and context of use. Still often manual and reserved for professionals, on-demand mapping is evolving toward an automation of its processes and a democratization of its use. An on-demand mapping service is a chain of several consecutive steps leading to a target map that precisely meets the needs and requirements of a user. This article addresses the issue of selecting relevant thematic layers with a specific context of use. We propose a knowledge-based recommendation approach that aims to guide a cartographer through the process of map-making. Our system is based on high- and low-level ontologies, the latter modeling the concepts specific to different types of maps targeted. By focusing on maritime maps, we address the representation of knowledge in this context of use, where recommendations rely on axiomatic and rule-based reasoning. For this purpose, we choose description logics as a formalism for knowledge representation in order to make cartographic knowledge machine readable.
Highlights
The increase in the use of maps over the past few decades in everyday activities, accelerated by the digital production and dissemination of maps and the widespread availability of low-cost, location-sensitive devices, has made the work of cartographers and map display designers more challenging
We present a knowledge-based recommendation approach for an ondemand mapping system
We address the first step of an on-demand mapping process by recommending to a cartographer the appropriate thematic layers, according to the user’s requirements and context of use
Summary
The increase in the use of maps over the past few decades in everyday activities, accelerated by the digital production and dissemination of maps and the widespread availability of low-cost, location-sensitive devices, has made the work of cartographers and map display designers more challenging Mapping agencies, such as the Ordnance Survey (OS) in the U.K., the National Institute of Geographic and Forest Information (IGN) or the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM) in France, have recognized for a long time this gap between the maps provided to the user and the maps that the user would need. The state of the art points out that the existing research studies in the on-demand mapping domain mainly focus on user data integration, model and cartographic generalizations, data symbolization, definition of map specifications (designing map legends, map colors, etc.), etc.
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