Abstract
<p><em>The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that a person consumes at least 400g of Fruit and Vegetable (FV) daily to prevent chronic disease risk. We assessed knowledge of current WHO guidelines and other determinants of FV intake among adults (? 18 years, n = 397) in Hohoe Municipality, Ghana. Face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire adopted from </em><em>WHO Risk Factor Surveillance System were undertaken. </em><em>Knowledge of FV daily servings and determinants of intake were evaluated by descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. There was a 99.2% response rate with approximately 9</em><em>% </em><em>of participants correctly stating the WHO daily recommended amount (P </em><em>=</em><em> </em><em>.</em><em>296</em><em>)</em><em>. Most (54%) of respondents’ FV intake was affected by unavailability of desired choice (</em><em>P </em><em>=</em><em> .050)</em><em>. Odds of inadequate consumption for persons aware of adequate intake amount was 1.97 (95% CI: 0.64, 6.05, P = .234) higher than persons without awareness. Participants with problems accessing their desired choice of FV had 0.59 odds (95% CI: 0.36, 0.95, P = .030) of consuming inadequate amount compared to those with easy access. Adequate FV intake depends on availability of consumer prefered choice regardless of knowledge of recommendations. Individual home based FV cultivation is relevant for availability of preferred choice and adequate consumption for NCDs risk reductions among Ghanaians.</em></p>
Highlights
Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable (FV) consumption is ranked high among behavioural risk factors associated with increasing incidence of global Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and cancers (WHO, 2016; Oyebode, Gordon-Dseagu, & Walke, 2014; Vaidya, Oli, Aryal, Karki, & Krettek, 2013; Boeing et al, 2012; Hall, Moore, Harper, & Lynch 2009)
The study was approved by Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee (GHS-ERC, ID: 02/04/15). 2.1.3 Data Collection A face-to-face interview was undertaken between May and June 2015 by trained research assistants using the pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire adapted from World Health Organization (WHO) STEP wise approach to surveillance of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) FV module (WHO, 2015; WHO, 2008)
We established that the odds ratio of consuming inadequate serving for persons who had challenges accessing their desired choice of FV was lower compared with persons without problem of desired choice
Summary
Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable (FV) consumption is ranked high among behavioural risk factors associated with increasing incidence of global Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and cancers (WHO, 2016; Oyebode, Gordon-Dseagu, & Walke, 2014; Vaidya, Oli, Aryal, Karki, & Krettek, 2013; Boeing et al, 2012; Hall, Moore, Harper, & Lynch 2009). Consumers of FV hardly become obese and are less likely to develop chronic diseases (WHO, 2016; Oyebode et al, 2014; Boeing et al, 2012) This evidence underpins the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance on individual consumption of ≥ 400g daily (≥ 5 servings of 80 g each) of varieties of FV as reported (Hall et al, 2009; Agudo, 2014). The guideline aims to achieve and maintain adequate FV intake globally for NCDs prevention and has since been translated into diverse national health promotion campaigns in different geographical areas (Agudo, 2004).
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