Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is common in knee joint accounting for 40% of sports injury. ACL injury leads to knee instability, therefore, understanding knee stability assessments would be useful for diagnosis of ACL injury, comparison between operation treatments and establishing return-to-sport standard. This article firstly introduces a management model for ACL injury and the contribution of knee stability assessment to the corresponding stages of the model. Secondly, standard clinical examination, intra-operative stability measurement and motion analysis for functional assessment are reviewed. Orthopaedic surgeons and scientists with related background are encouraged to understand knee biomechanics and stability assessment for ACL injury patients.
Highlights
Sports injury is common, ranking the second highest (21%) in terms of cause of injury [1] and leading to longterm disabilities and handicaps especially in patients with knee injuries [2]
With the help of validated navigation system, knee kinematics stability test can be assessed during operation procedure, enabling the evaluation of immediate effect of Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction
To investigate if ACL reconstruction with anatomical double-bundle technique better improve rotational stability, Robinson et al [60] suggested that PL bundle was important than AM bundle in controlling rotational component during Pivot Shift test
Summary
Sports injury is common, ranking the second highest (21%) in terms of cause of injury [1] and leading to longterm disabilities and handicaps especially in patients with knee injuries [2]. Another studies conducted by Martelli et al [51], Pearle et al [52] and Colombet et al [53] reported that navigation system is reliable to quantify knee kinematics during stability examinations, in the setting of complex rotatory patterns such as pivot shift test This suggests an accurate and precise evaluation of different techniques of ACL reconstruction. Long term evaluation during and after rehabilitation – functional assessment Passive and active motion By applying a certain force on specific direction to the relaxed knee, ligament injury would be identified if laxity is found when comparing to the other side This is a usual clinical examination for suspected knee injury without any patients' active movement. It will create a visual cue for the cutting and jumping direction through a monitor placing in front of the patient This laboratory setting would only allow subjects' short time decision so that a game-like situation is reproduced in the laboratory
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