Kinship care first? Factors associated with placement moves in out-of-home care

Abstract

The type of care setting a child is placed in when they enter the child welfare system has long-lasting effects. Although numerous studies have examined factors associated with placement decisions and placement moves, few studies have paid attention to factors involved in both placing children into and removing children from kinship care. This study focused on kinship care as the top of the hierarchy of out-of-home placements and utilized data obtained from a U.S. mid-Atlantic State Automated Child Welfare Information System. The study followed children who were placed in out-of-home care over a three-year period. Descriptive, bivariate, and regression analyses were conducted to identify: (1) Among children experiencing the first out-of-home care placement (N = 3838), what factors were associated with an initial placement into kinship care versus non-kin foster care and group homes/residential treatment centers (RTCs); and (2) Among children experiencing a second out-of-home placement during this period (n = 1893; 49% of the original sample), what factors were associated with being moved from kinship care to a less-preferred care setting and vice versa. Two factors increased the odds of initially being placed in kinship care: Race of the child (African American children were more likely to be placed in kinship care) and presence of parental substance abuse; in contrast, the presence of child behavioral problems and disabilities, as well as advanced age, decreased the odds of kinship placement. For children experiencing a second move from kinship care into non-kin foster care, the associated factors were: Older children, behavioral problems, and parental incarceration. Finally, for children placed initially in non-kin foster care and moved to kinship care, moves were primarily associated with parental characteristics, including housing issues, substance abuse, and difficulty coping with the child. Implications for policy, research, and practice are discussed.