Abstract
Nowadays, Kingella kingae (K. kingae) is considered as the main bacterial cause of osteoarticular infections (OAI) in children aged less than 48 months. Next to classical acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, invasive K. kingae infections can also give rise to atypical osteoarticular infections, such as cellulitis, pyomyositis, bursitis, or tendon sheath infections. Clinically, K. kingae OAI are usually characterized by a mild clinical presentation and by a modest biologic inflammatory response to infection. Most of the time, children with skeletal system infections due to K. kingae would not require invasive surgical procedures, except maybe for excluding pyogenic germs’ implication. In addition, K. kingae’s OAI respond well even to short antibiotics treatments, and, therefore, the management of these infections requires only short hospitalization, and most of the patients can then be treated safely as outpatients.
Highlights
Osteoarticular infections (OAI) represent serious affections, which may perturb subsequent bone development and may have severe consequences for articular function [1]
The presentation of K. kingae OAI is often characterized by a mild clinical presentation and by a moderate biologic inflammatory response to infection, with the consequence that these children present few, if any, criteria evocative of OAI
OAI due to K. kingae have a good character: they are considered as benign with a mild-to-moderate clinical presentation, they have a favorable prognosis after adequate antibiotic treatment, and they seldom lead to long-term sequelae [18,21,22,32,57]
Summary
Osteoarticular infections (OAI) represent serious affections, which may perturb subsequent bone development and may have severe consequences for articular function [1]. It is currently recognized that the clinical and biological aspects of OAI are closely related to the child’s age and to the incriminated pathogen Any factors, such as the socioeconomic conditions, possible comorbidities, immune and vaccination status, changes in patterns of immunomodulating diseases, and the emergence of resistant bacteria, need to be considered [12]. The pediatric orthopedist has seen the paradigm of the treatment of osteoarticular infections changing drastically during the last 10 years, and he, has had to adapt to a new protocol of care. This present review will, aim to establish the new concepts that revolve around Kingella kingae (K. kingae) infections and to define a specific treatment for this microorganism.
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