Abstract
Epoxidized palm oleic acid is often regarded as a highly valuable oleochemical due to its wide range of industrial applications, including cosmetics, personal care, and pharmaceutical products. In this study, oleic acid derived from palm oil with iodine value of 98.99 g/100 g, containing 75 % of oleic acid, 12 % of linoleic acid, 6.5 % of palmitic acid, and 6.5 % of stearic acid was epoxidised by in situ generated performic acid with hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and formic acid as active oxygen carrier in the presence of catalytic amount of inorganic acid. The rate constant for epoxidation of oleic acid was found to be 1.133 ∙ 10–3 mol–1 s–1 and activation energy was 91.12 kJ mol–1 at temperature of 75 °C. In addition, thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of activation were 88.2 kJ mol–1, −67.90 J mol–1 K–1, and 88.36 kJ mol–1, respectively. Relative conversion data showed that it was possible to develop epoxides from locally available, natural, renewable resources such as palm oil.
Highlights
The chemical derived from oils and fats of vegetables, called oleochemical, represents one of the cheaper and highly available petroleum-derived products
Oleic acid derived from palm oil with iodine value of 98.99 g/100 g, containing 75 % of oleic acid, 12 % of linoleic acid, 6.5 % of palmitic acid, and 6.5 % of stearic acid was epoxidised by in situ generated performic acid with hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and formic acid as active oxygen carrier in the presence of catalytic amount of inorganic acid
3.1 Epoxidation of oleic acid-based palm oil The iodine value analysis provides an insight into the reactivity and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids
Summary
The chemical derived from oils and fats of vegetables, called oleochemical, represents one of the cheaper and highly available petroleum-derived products. Fatty acids have different levels of saturation. Fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, contain three double bonds, while oleic acid has only one double bond. They are categorized as unsaturated fatty acids. Regarding the composition of fatty acids in crude palm oil (CPO), it can be observed that palmitic acid constitutes the largest percentage of fatty acid composition, followed by oleic acid with values of 44 %, and 39.2 %, respectively. Oleic acids contain high lipid content among all fatty acids.
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