Kinetics of zero-valent iron reductive transformation of the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 4

Abstract

The effect of operational conditions and initial dye concentration on the reductive transformation (decolorization) of the textile dye Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) using zero-valent iron (ZVI) filings was evaluated in batch assays. The decolorization rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature, mixing intensity, and addition of salt (100 g L −1 NaCl) and base (3 g L −1 Na 2CO 3 and 1 g L −1 NaOH), conditions typical of textile reactive dyebaths. ZVI RB4 decolorization kinetics at a single initial dye concentration were evaluated using a pseudo first-order model. Under dyebath conditions and at an initial RB4 concentration of 1000 mg L −1, the pseudo first-order rate constant ( k obs) was 0.029 ± 0.006 h −1, corresponding to a half-life of 24.2 h and a ZVI surface area-normalized rate constant ( k SA) of 2.9 × 10 −4 L m −2 h −1. However, as the initial dye concentration increased, the k obs decreased, suggesting saturation of ZVI surface reactive sites. Non-linear regression of initial decolorization rate values as a function of initial dye concentration, based on a reactive sites saturation model, resulted in a maximum decolorization rate ( V m) of 720 ± 88 mg L −1 h −1 and a half-saturation constant ( K) of 1299 ± 273 mg L −1. Decolorization of RB4 via a reductive transformation, which was essentially irreversible (2–5% re-oxidation), is believed to be the dominant decolorization mechanism. However, some degree of RB4 irreversible sorption cannot be completely discounted. The results of this study show that ZVI treatment is a promising technology for the decolorization of commercial, anthraquinone-bearing, spent reactive dyebaths.