Abstract
Abstract In this work, stearic acid esters were prepared using [HPY][HSO4] ionic liquids as catalysts and different kinds of alcohols and stearic acid as reactants in a self-designed reactor. Catalytic esterification, kinetics analysis and low temperature fluidity of the esters were studied. Through single-factor experiment, the optimal reaction conditions were determined for methyl stearate, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl ester, and amyl ester. The conversion rates under the optimized conditions were all above 97%. The kinetics of the reaction process of all five esters was analyzed by the integral method, and the activation energy, pre-exponential factor and kinetic model were obtained for the five esters. Finally, the low temperature fluidity of all esters was tested and the best value was observed for amyl alcohol. Therefore, these esters would be useful additives for reducing the condensation and cold filter plugging points of biodiesel, thus improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel.
Highlights
De nition 1.4]); (vi)(MthgeOL) enoannaorpdaprtaicirlecsotnosibstioindgiesoefl,a apnadir foofuonpdptohsaittetgheenerators for bra, acting on an evlaolwuatteiomnpmeraotduurelef(lsueidei[t5y, wPraospboestitteior naf9t.e2r])a. dTdhiengexMamgOple (i) is a sp Rccorainpsisisduamnpdetcieoonnnvoimroofincmpeedtnretovalelelucoompnmcepernrnotsd.uThchtasuseBv,sxay,caldiu[amn1eLue3cvepssr,eietllnLoeaoAgefssp,meAm(dAeim.ien∗inF)ea,dttorhg(1oeriye.vfn3)o] ate≤ndpperaioeaeaclirniuhsnfLoeo≤Eptnpeertemhooiatdcgafrnaiettnlaaniboencolrcitlsoldcee,rpvda.seppa.iisdearceduJsoeisoeecrpsleonoyo,hffloniitA(tmahevVel,ecp)ta..oArWoahf∗θrvloe.eiihl-en,e[cazg1biais8gnuni]degttsnaidamnvpedloeotodeewcline,nrtdsmobttireuoieamntfntanohepndoryewolnrAlachel.aote.eunTlvLtdrudhheeleetiafnfri{mlolaotAθretywide,rl}eAdi=r∗inidsges{neθolfit-}eddi=au whenever A∗ acts onaltchoehoblasciasn{avlis}odi= beinuasnedirrinedstueacdibloef tmridetihayglonalaclofhaoslhtioon
Low temperature fluidity was characterized by solidification point, cold filter plugging point and kinematic viscosity
The single-factor test analysis was carried for all five prepared esters
Summary
De nition 1.4]); (vi)(MthgeOL) enoannaorpdaprtaicirlecsotnosibstioindgiesoefl,a apnadir foofuonpdptohsaittetgheenerators for bra, acting on an evlaolwuatteiomnpmeraotduurelef(lsueidei[t5y, wPraospboestitteior naf9t.e2r])a. dTdhiengexMamgOple (i) is a sp Rccorainpsisisduamnpdetcieoonnnvoimroofincmpeedtnretovalelelucoompnmcepernrnotsd.uThchtasuseBv,sxay,caldiu[amn1eLue3cvepssr,eietllnLoeaoAgefssp,meAm(dAeim.ien∗inF)ea,dttorhg(1oeriye.vfn3)o] ate≤ndpperaioeaeaclirniuhsnfLoeo≤Eptnpeertemhooiatdcgafrnaiettnlaaniboencolrcitlsoldcee,rpvda.seppa.iisdearceduJsoeisoeecrpsleonoyo,hffloniitA(tmahevVel,ecp)ta..oArWoahf∗θrvloe.eiihl-en,e[cazg1biais8gnuni]degttsnaidamnvpedloeotodeewcline,nrtdsmobttireuoieamntfntanohepndoryewolnrAlachel.aote.eunTlvLtdrudhheeleetiafnfri{mlolaotAθretywide,rl}eAdi=r∗inidsges{neθolfit-}eddi=au whenever A∗ acts onaltchoehoblasciasn{avlis}odi= beinuasnedirrinedstueacdibloef tmridetihayglonalaclofhaoslhtioon. De nition 1.4]); (vi)(MthgeOL) enoannaorpdaprtaicirlecsotnosibstioindgiesoefl,a apnadir foofuonpdptohsaittetgheenerators for bra, acting on an evlaolwuatteiomnpmeraotduurelef(lsueidei[t5y, wPraospboestitteior naf9t.e2r])a. DTdhiengexMamgOple (i) is a sp Rccorainpsisisduamnpdetcieoonnnvoimroofincmpeedtnretovalelelucoompnmcepernrnotsd.uThchtasuseBv,sxay,caldiu[amn1eLue3cvepssr,eietllnLoeaoAgefssp,meAm(dAeim.ien∗inF)ea,dttorhg(1oeriye.vfn3)o] ate≤ndpperaioeaeaclirniuhsnfLoeo≤Eptnpeertemhooiatdcgafrnaiettnlaaniboencolrcitlsoldcee,rpvda.seppa.iisdearceduJsoeisoeecrpsleonoyo,hffloniitA(tmahevVel,ecp)ta..oArWoahf∗θrvloe.eiihl-en,e[cazg1biais8gnuni]degttsnaidamnvpedloeotodeewcline,nrtdsmobttireuoieamntfntanohepndoryewolnrAlachel.aote.eunTlvLtdrudhheeleetiafnfri{mlolaotAθretywide,rl}eAdi=r∗inidsges{neθolfit-}eddi=au whenever A∗ acts onaltchoehoblasciasn{avlis}odi= beinuasnedirrinedstueacdibloef tmridetihayglonalaclofhaoslhtioon. Metallurgy and Energy Engineering of KunmingAU∗n.ivLeerstit{yθoif}Sdic=iendceenoHteoawsetvaenr,dtahrids oaredaerhinasg boefetnheraeriegleynevxapluloersedo.f TAh.eTrhefeonreA, , A∗ is self-d and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650093 Chiinsaa; TshteaSntadtaerKdeyorderinstgudoyfitnhgetehiegelonwvatleumepseorfatAu∗re(sfleoew[7p,ePrfroorpmoasnitcieo,nk8in.7e]t)ic. Laboratory for Building and Cleaning Use of Complex Non-Ferrous analysis, and mechanism of biodiesel is of great strategic. University of Science and Technology, Yunnan,*KCuonmrriensgp, onding Authoarn:dKathzuemloawsatNeommpuerraat:uTroekypoeMrfoedrmicaalnacnedoDfebntioaldUiensievlerwsiatys, Ichikawa, 272. Paul Terwilliger: Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA, E-. W. Wang et al.: Kinetics and the fluidity of the stearic acid esters with different carbon backbones 777
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