Kinetic study of 4-nitrophenol photocatalytic degradation over a Zn2+ doped TiO2 catalyst prepared through an environmentally friendly aqueous sol–gel process

Abstract

• Kinetic study of 4-NP photocatalytic degradation under artificial light was performed. • A pseudo-first order kinetic model was adjusted on the experimental data. • Apparent reaction rate constant and global apparent activation energy were estimated. • A mechanism was proposed to describe the reaction at a molecular scale. • Statistical validations of the pseudo-first order model was successfully performed. A kinetic study of the photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) under UV–visible light (330 nm < λ < 800 nm) has been performed via a rigorous chemical engineering approach over a Zn 2+ doped TiO 2 catalyst prepared through an environmentally friendly aqueous sol–gel process. The experiments have been performed at three temperatures to enable the global activation energy to be estimated. The influence of the illumination intensity has also been considered. The possibility of internal and external diffusion limitations has been studied and the results obtained demonstrated that there is no diffusional limitation during the photocatalytic degradation of the 4-NP using the selected catalyst. Therefore, the apparent specific reaction rate measured corresponds to the actual reaction rate of the chemical reaction. Parameter adjustments show that the kinetic model that provides the best fit to the experimental data corresponds to a first order reaction. A sequence of elementary steps has been considered and a pseudo-steady state approach based upon the stationary state hypothesis for reaction intermediates has been applied to obtain a kinetic rate expression in agreement with the experimental data. The mean values of the reaction rate constant found at 283 K, 288 K and 293 K are respectively equal to k ‾ 1 = 0.094 ± 0.003 m 3 h −1 kg catalyst - 1 ; k ‾ 2 = 0.119 ± 0.004 m 3 h −1 kg catalyst - 1 and k ‾ 3 = 0.150 ± 0.023 m 3 h −1 kg catalyst - 1 and the global activation energy of the degradation reaction was evaluated as 40 kJ mol −1 . A phenomenological kinetic mechanism is proposed to describe the reaction at a molecular scale. Finally, statistical validations and residuals analysis have been performed to confirm that the first order model is suitable to represent the 4-NP photocatalytic degradation over time. Such studies are essential to design a reactor for water pollutant degradation on an industrial scale.