Kinetic Study in Atmospheric Pressure Organic Acid Leaching: Shrinking Core Model versus Lump Model

Kevin Cleary Wanta,Indra Perdana,Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus,Widi Astuti

doi:10.3390/min10070613

Kevin Cleary Wanta, Indra Perdana + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070613

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Abstract

The kinetics study has an essential role in the scale-up process because it illustrates the real phenomena of a process. This study aims to develop a mathematical model that can explain the mechanism of the leaching process of laterite ore using a low concentration of the citric acid solution and evaluate that model using the experimental data. As a raw material, this process used powder-shaped limonite laterite ores with a size of 125–150 µm. The leaching process is carried out using 0.1 M citric acid solution, F:S ratio of 1:20, and a leaching time of 2 h. The temperature parameter was varied at 303, 333, and 358 K. The experimental results showed that the higher the operating temperature, the higher the extracted nickel. The results of this experiment were used to evaluate the shrinking core kinetics model and the lumped model. The simulation results for both models show that the lumped model can provide better simulation results. Quantitatively, the percentage of errors from the shrinking core model is around 3.5 times greater than the percentage of errors from using the lumped model. This result shows that in this leaching process, the process mechanism that occurs involves the reactant diffusion step and the chemical reactions step; those steps run simultaneously.

Highlights

It is undeniable that energy is one of the most important things that affect human survival
The evaluation of the kinetics model in this study was carried out using experimental data from the leaching process of laterite ores, where the temperature parameters were varied
The kinetics study of the leaching process is essential in order to scale up a process from a laboratory scale to an industrial scale

Summary

Introduction

It is undeniable that energy is one of the most important things that affect human survival. The fulfilment of energy demand derives from fossil fuels, which are categorized as conventional or non-renewable energy [1,2]. This kind of energy will reach its scarcity phase if people use this energy continuously. Rechargeable batteries are electrical batteries that can be recharged many times; they can be defined as an energy storage system. Various electronic devices, such as electric vehicles and portable electronics, apply this type of battery as a source of energy [8,9]

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