Kinetic energy barriers on the GaN(0001) surface: A nucleation study by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract

Island nucleation of GaN on its (0001) surface is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. A comparison is made between surfaces with and without excess Ga and among surfaces with different excess Ga coverages. Evidence is provided for the change of step characteristics of GaN(0001) by excess Ga adlayers, where the Ehrlich-Schwoebel effect is seen to be mediated by excess Ga coverage. For single Ga adlayer covered GaN(0001) surfaces, nucleation island densities are evaluated, which are used to derive the kinetic barriers of adatom diffusion on a terrace. A barrier of less than $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ is obtained for the system, and the Ga adlayers make GaN growth surfactant mediated.